Note
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Linear discriminant analysis (LDA)#
visualizes the LDA to increase the computational efficiency and reduce the degree of overfitting due to the curse of dimensionality in non-regularized models.
# Author: L.Kouadio
# Licence: BSD-3 clause
from watex.datasets import fetch_data
from watex.utils import selectfeatures
from watex.exlib.sklearn import SimpleImputer
from watex.analysis.decomposition import linear_discriminant_analysis
data= fetch_data("bagoue original").get('data=dfy1') # encoded flow
y = data.flow ; X= data.drop(columns='flow')
# select the numerical features
X =selectfeatures(X, include ='number')
# imputed the missing data
X = SimpleImputer().fit_transform(X)
linear_discriminant_analysis (X, y , view =True)
array([[ 7.0018e-02, -8.1118e-02],
[ 4.4245e-01, 9.8000e-01],
[-7.3907e-02, -4.3446e-01],
[ 4.2620e-01, 3.7183e-01],
[-1.0052e-01, -9.6059e-01],
[ 1.2690e-01, 9.2120e-01],
[ 7.6025e-01, 1.6465e-01],
[ 1.6253e+00, -9.7363e-01],
[-2.0580e-01, -2.4425e-02],
[ 2.4408e-01, 3.7500e-02],
[-3.8283e-01, -1.1432e+00],
[-5.1053e-01, -1.0666e+00],
[-4.3773e-01, 1.7085e-02],
[ 3.1048e+00, -1.3471e+00],
[ 2.8689e+00, -1.1448e+00],
[ 2.7178e-01, 2.0496e-01],
[-2.0028e-01, -9.2382e-02],
[-1.5954e-01, -2.0350e-01],
[ 1.5480e+00, -7.5864e-01],
[-4.2342e-01, -4.0471e-01],
[-6.9713e-01, 2.6838e-01],
[ 3.3697e-01, 5.4093e-01],
[ 1.7974e+00, -7.1045e-03],
[ 1.6855e-01, -2.9709e-01],
[ 3.2910e-01, 2.0420e-02],
[ 5.3314e-02, 2.2441e-03],
[ 5.1494e-01, 7.3306e-02],
[ 1.5382e+00, -9.6904e-01],
[-6.9710e-02, 2.6778e-01],
[-3.8995e+00, -6.8094e-01],
[ 2.9132e-01, -9.0265e-01],
[ 5.8649e-01, 7.0960e-01],
[ 1.9548e+00, -2.8976e-01],
[ 1.4748e+00, 9.2943e-02],
[ 3.6956e-01, -3.0206e-01],
[ 6.8374e-01, -9.9673e-01],
[-3.8233e-01, -1.0698e+00],
[ 2.6402e-01, -3.1039e-01],
[ 9.1941e-02, 6.8972e-02],
[ 9.4099e-01, -1.5523e-01],
[ 5.4896e-01, -2.0404e+00],
[-8.3879e-02, -9.2400e-01],
[ 2.5595e-01, 5.0145e-01],
[ 4.8337e-01, 6.5929e-01],
[-8.8876e-02, 7.0630e-01],
[ 2.2007e-01, -2.1111e-01],
[ 2.3075e+00, -5.6321e-01],
[ 2.3678e-01, 3.9521e-01],
[-9.5934e-01, 6.3001e-01],
[-8.6453e-02, 2.3509e-01],
[-1.0212e-01, -7.5108e-01],
[-4.8156e-01, -7.1499e-01],
[ 4.1537e-01, 1.6976e-01],
[ 1.3159e+00, -2.4303e-01],
[-7.2723e-01, 6.0979e-01],
[-1.1148e-01, 3.2446e-01],
[-1.0923e-02, -9.6483e-02],
[-1.2556e-02, -6.0539e-01],
[-6.9716e-02, -1.2524e-01],
[ 9.4867e-01, 9.6476e-01],
[ 6.7240e-01, -3.0605e-01],
[-4.4350e-01, -2.8176e-01],
[ 2.8498e-01, -4.5116e-01],
[ 5.3215e-01, -1.0975e-01],
[ 7.5923e-01, 2.2627e-01],
[ 1.0478e+00, 7.6594e-01],
[-1.8569e-01, 6.9218e-01],
[ 1.4463e+00, 1.0817e+00],
[ 1.5808e+00, 4.5881e-01],
[-1.1783e+00, 1.6133e-01],
[ 1.3585e+00, 7.3452e-03],
[ 8.5629e-01, 3.1614e-02],
[ 2.4497e-01, 2.8799e-01],
[ 1.7900e-01, -1.4017e-01],
[-1.8009e-01, 5.6075e-01],
[ 1.0260e+00, -1.2526e+00],
[ 9.8550e-01, -9.0607e-02],
[-2.4149e+00, 4.1644e-02],
[-1.3588e-01, -9.0882e-01],
[ 9.0828e-01, 3.0299e-01],
[ 7.6541e-01, -1.2536e+00],
[-3.8291e-01, -6.2670e-01],
[-1.2280e-01, -4.4962e-01],
[-2.0997e+00, 5.2903e-01],
[-2.8103e+00, -1.7408e-02],
[ 7.6732e-01, -3.3682e-01],
[ 1.6356e-01, 3.8542e-01],
[ 1.0821e+00, 8.1559e-02],
[ 9.7439e-01, 1.0231e+00],
[ 6.2930e-01, 1.2283e+00],
[ 3.5581e-01, 8.0494e-01],
[ 3.5335e-01, -6.2777e-02],
[-2.3785e-01, 9.3581e-01],
[ 3.1004e-02, -7.3051e-01],
[ 1.2278e-01, 5.0743e-01],
[ 7.9973e-01, -4.3534e-01],
[ 4.6536e-01, 5.7466e-01],
[ 4.1046e-01, 8.2487e-01],
[ 1.0733e+00, -5.2773e-01],
[-2.4444e-01, -1.1633e+00],
[ 8.2954e-01, 7.5656e-01],
[ 3.6008e-01, 9.6599e-01],
[ 4.0686e-02, -3.7567e-01],
[-1.9378e-01, 4.4576e-01],
[ 5.4533e-01, 3.4133e-01],
[ 1.0039e+00, 3.3677e-01],
[ 1.1856e+00, 1.1123e+00],
[-2.2949e-01, -3.0356e-01],
[-1.4949e+00, -1.9134e-01],
[ 1.2398e+00, -1.0665e+00],
[-2.2272e-01, 4.7911e-01],
[ 2.2818e+00, -1.6570e+00],
[-1.7318e-01, -3.6882e-01],
[ 7.7447e-01, 2.4738e-01],
[-1.1770e-01, -7.5099e-01],
[-3.3588e-01, -2.7049e-01],
[ 7.5014e-01, 9.6790e-01],
[ 1.2035e+00, 1.2543e-01],
[-1.1594e-01, -8.4286e-01],
[ 1.4278e+00, -6.1382e-01],
[-3.6811e-01, -2.5649e-02],
[ 6.2046e-01, 6.2320e-01],
[ 3.9059e-01, 3.3139e-01],
[ 4.5714e-01, 3.0145e-01],
[ 2.5915e+00, -1.8850e+00],
[ 3.9983e-01, 6.3456e-01],
[-1.0795e-01, 2.1006e-01],
[ 3.9963e-01, 1.1584e+00],
[-2.0151e-01, 2.4307e-01],
[-1.5083e+00, -1.4625e-02],
[ 2.5629e-01, 6.1773e-01],
[-2.9189e-02, -1.2359e+00],
[-3.5919e-01, -1.1001e+00],
[ 1.3207e+00, -5.3225e-01],
[ 1.1868e-01, -4.2890e-01],
[ 3.4533e-01, 3.0677e-01],
[ 4.0375e-01, 9.4681e-02],
[ 2.1041e+00, -1.3214e-01],
[ 5.9820e-01, 3.3646e-01],
[ 1.3845e+00, -1.0869e+00],
[ 7.8878e-01, 7.2427e-01],
[ 2.8627e+00, -1.4720e+00],
[ 6.4462e-01, 7.0152e-03],
[ 1.8878e+00, -1.1046e+00],
[ 4.2111e-02, -4.6912e-01],
[-1.3633e-01, -7.4537e-01],
[ 1.6249e+00, 5.3472e-01],
[ 2.4952e+00, 8.3619e-01],
[ 4.1770e-02, -4.0219e-01],
[ 1.7493e-02, -9.2525e-01],
[ 3.8500e-01, 3.0813e-01],
[-4.3971e-01, -9.8814e-03],
[ 5.5679e-01, 1.2716e+00],
[ 5.6210e-01, -3.4362e-01],
[-6.3776e-01, 6.9030e-02],
[ 5.2264e-01, -1.2191e+00],
[ 1.5034e-01, -5.9681e-02],
[-4.6799e-01, 4.7459e-01],
[ 1.8880e+00, -1.0857e+00],
[ 5.7324e-01, 2.1790e-01],
[ 8.2774e-01, 8.3841e-01],
[ 2.2198e+00, -9.8569e-01],
[ 2.0471e-01, 5.5798e-01],
[-4.0124e-01, 2.9670e-01],
[ 2.8746e-01, -6.4955e-01],
[ 1.6763e+00, 5.1126e-01],
[ 2.7330e+00, -1.5321e+00],
[ 8.5103e-01, 4.5064e-03],
[ 4.9685e-01, -9.4281e-01],
[-2.1549e-01, -1.0751e+00],
[ 9.5245e-01, 2.1686e-01],
[ 7.3586e-01, 3.1570e-01],
[ 1.1883e+00, -5.2113e-01],
[ 2.8680e+00, -1.2321e+00],
[-1.2286e+00, 1.2428e-01],
[-1.6864e-01, 9.5061e-01],
[-2.4085e-01, 1.2339e+00],
[ 3.2713e-01, -2.3286e-01],
[ 2.2264e-01, 1.0317e-01],
[ 1.2097e+00, -7.3932e-01],
[-3.9703e-01, -1.1551e+00],
[ 5.3747e-01, 1.3364e+00],
[ 2.7928e-01, 3.8826e-01],
[ 8.6232e-01, -8.6546e-01],
[ 9.2356e-02, -1.3517e-01],
[-2.9288e+00, -5.4392e-01],
[ 8.4022e-01, -6.4116e-01],
[ 6.9312e-01, 8.6257e-01],
[ 1.3152e+00, -8.4129e-01],
[ 2.3353e+00, -1.1842e+00],
[-2.2003e-01, -9.6801e-01],
[-1.1239e-01, -8.5423e-01],
[ 4.5182e-02, -2.3777e-01],
[ 4.5489e-01, 3.1789e-02],
[ 7.9129e-04, -1.7872e-01],
[ 2.9333e-01, -1.4434e-01],
[ 2.1646e-01, 5.5839e-01],
[ 5.4136e-01, 1.7476e-01],
[-1.0153e-01, -9.5329e-01],
[ 2.7828e+00, -1.9245e+00],
[ 1.1453e+00, 5.3040e-01],
[ 2.0958e-01, 5.8657e-01],
[ 6.5241e-01, 4.3367e-01],
[-2.7619e-01, -7.1504e-01],
[ 2.8009e-01, -3.7714e-01],
[ 4.0746e-01, 1.0131e+00],
[-4.9089e-02, -7.5021e-01],
[ 1.1944e+00, 2.6214e-01],
[ 2.7816e+00, -9.8367e-01],
[-1.4876e-01, -1.2367e+00],
[-7.2870e-01, -2.1001e-01],
[-6.4658e-01, -5.1210e-01],
[ 5.3411e-01, -5.1654e-01],
[-2.1767e-01, -6.9874e-01],
[-1.1664e+00, 1.3752e-01],
[ 2.6178e-01, -5.8756e-01],
[ 1.2273e-01, 1.0202e-02],
[ 7.6446e-01, 1.4468e-01],
[-2.3430e-01, -9.5634e-01],
[-1.7878e-01, 5.6281e-01],
[ 1.7620e+00, -2.2052e-01],
[ 4.7766e-01, -2.0526e-02],
[-9.0331e-01, 6.9879e-01],
[-5.6150e-01, -7.7479e-01],
[-7.1564e-01, -5.1727e-01],
[ 6.9298e-02, -4.9232e-02],
[-1.5009e+00, 3.1387e-01],
[ 3.0739e-01, -5.3268e-01],
[-3.3162e-01, -1.0373e+00],
[-4.3996e-01, -1.0022e+00],
[ 8.7634e-02, -2.7779e-02],
[ 1.5327e-01, 9.6111e-01],
[ 2.4611e-01, 1.2665e+00],
[-7.0036e-01, 1.2238e+00],
[-3.7299e-02, 3.2014e-02],
[ 3.4667e-01, -9.5609e-02],
[ 2.3267e-01, 1.1180e+00],
[-2.5024e+00, 5.7774e-01],
[-4.6416e-01, -8.6752e-01],
[ 4.3761e-01, -3.2879e-02],
[ 3.0682e-01, 5.3876e-01],
[ 4.3606e-01, -4.6166e-01],
[ 1.0584e+00, -9.8282e-01],
[ 3.3566e-01, -1.8971e-01],
[-4.1800e+00, -6.1499e-01],
[ 3.9431e-02, -3.7072e-01],
[-1.6110e-01, -2.1971e-01],
[-1.1409e-01, -7.1040e-01],
[-1.0650e-02, 4.7045e-01],
[ 9.4081e-01, -5.2507e-01],
[-1.3583e+00, 4.0752e-01],
[-5.7297e-01, 2.4806e-01],
[-1.1215e-01, 9.5510e-01],
[-2.9922e-01, -9.8534e-01],
[ 3.8925e-01, 1.5680e+00],
[ 3.2657e+00, -1.4516e+00],
[-7.6859e-01, 1.1251e+00],
[-1.8544e-01, -9.7349e-01],
[ 1.2892e-01, -9.8053e-01],
[ 6.8538e-01, -6.1733e-02],
[-6.3831e-01, -8.6278e-02],
[-2.9943e+00, -5.5251e-01],
[-1.0898e+00, -2.1775e-01],
[ 2.1741e+00, -8.8641e-01],
[ 1.8899e-01, 1.8715e-01],
[-1.9712e-01, -1.0179e+00],
[-2.0636e+00, 1.8191e-01],
[-5.7841e-01, 4.3005e-01],
[-9.1338e-01, -3.7157e-01],
[-8.3479e-01, -1.8040e-01],
[ 3.0670e-01, 5.5226e-01],
[ 4.3269e-01, 1.4163e-01],
[ 1.0683e+00, -2.6521e-01],
[-4.4902e+00, 6.0583e-01],
[-2.7459e-01, -2.7150e-01],
[-2.8606e-01, -3.3094e-01],
[-1.9311e+00, -4.6133e-01],
[-6.1539e-01, -9.4215e-01],
[-4.9827e-01, 2.9733e-01],
[-5.0025e+00, -5.9581e-01],
[ 2.1395e-01, -2.0909e-01],
[ 1.5273e-01, -7.3305e-01],
[ 1.6314e+00, -1.3069e+00],
[-5.1868e-01, -1.0012e+00],
[ 1.2346e+00, -4.0896e-01],
[-3.8844e-01, -2.4632e-01],
[-3.7427e-01, -1.1091e+00],
[-4.5495e-01, -1.0362e+00],
[-7.1821e-01, 1.5222e-01],
[-4.6034e-01, -4.6873e-02],
[ 1.1836e-01, -2.5172e-01],
[ 2.2342e-01, 5.2260e-01],
[ 2.3901e-01, -7.6291e-01],
[-1.4852e+00, 3.3824e-01],
[-2.5816e+00, 3.1268e-01],
[-1.3489e-01, -4.9096e-01],
[-3.6563e-01, 1.6097e+00],
[ 1.7312e-01, 3.1680e-01],
[-6.4624e-01, 7.2766e-01],
[-1.7577e-01, 2.1625e-01],
[-5.0659e-01, -1.4483e-01],
[-1.6659e-02, -5.8365e-02],
[-4.8552e-01, 5.7460e-01],
[ 3.7465e-01, 1.9190e-01],
[-2.0177e+00, 5.2011e-01],
[ 2.3648e-01, 7.0406e-01],
[ 2.9071e-01, 6.1536e-01],
[ 5.3512e-01, -4.5908e-01],
[ 2.8910e-01, 4.0934e-01],
[ 5.1450e-01, -4.4870e-01],
[-3.9483e-01, 8.6964e-02],
[ 1.1329e+00, 5.1371e-01],
[-9.2501e-02, -3.6063e-01],
[ 9.3854e-02, -8.7727e-01],
[ 2.3660e-02, -6.8412e-01],
[ 5.1663e-01, 4.8637e-01],
[ 4.6836e-01, 1.1465e+00],
[ 4.5127e-01, -5.4264e-01],
[-9.1933e-01, -2.3337e-01],
[ 6.2556e-01, 1.3747e+00],
[ 1.4852e-01, 4.8339e-01],
[-6.9075e+00, -6.1929e-01],
[-3.7035e+00, 1.8885e-01],
[ 8.5484e-01, 1.4648e+00],
[-2.0878e+00, 6.8201e-02],
[-8.1092e-01, 2.1048e-01],
[-4.3275e+00, -7.5265e-01],
[ 7.8309e-01, 5.4793e-01],
[-3.2915e-01, 7.0643e-01],
[ 8.5024e-01, 8.2877e-02],
[ 1.1310e+00, 4.0530e-01],
[ 5.2487e-01, 9.7948e-01],
[ 3.8039e-01, 9.3423e-01],
[-6.7041e-02, -7.5215e-01],
[-3.9384e+00, 6.0925e-01],
[-7.6385e-02, 2.2558e-01],
[ 1.1648e+00, 5.3824e-01],
[-4.6097e-01, -2.3476e-01],
[-6.1286e-01, 1.4962e-02],
[-1.4023e+00, 1.3817e-01],
[ 3.3175e-01, -6.6903e-02],
[-6.3713e-01, 1.0296e+00],
[-2.1289e-01, -1.9811e-02],
[-2.9709e-01, 7.1847e-01],
[-5.4760e-01, 8.6382e-01],
[ 2.7332e-01, 5.6423e-01],
[ 1.0349e-01, 6.6941e-01],
[-3.2985e-01, -4.7977e-01],
[-9.8231e-01, 3.1465e-01],
[-7.7508e-02, 1.4297e-01],
[-2.1298e-01, 7.9833e-01],
[ 2.7709e-01, -8.6516e-02],
[ 6.1004e-01, 6.2576e-02],
[ 6.3654e-02, -6.5683e-01],
[-1.0312e-01, -5.0373e-01],
[ 3.5181e-01, 5.1128e-01],
[ 8.6407e-02, 7.3846e-01],
[ 6.1636e-02, 4.5278e-01],
[ 5.6117e-01, 9.7676e-01],
[ 1.6924e-01, -7.0697e-02],
[-3.0314e+00, 3.4709e-01],
[ 2.0784e-01, 6.4967e-01],
[ 1.5989e-01, 1.0032e+00],
[ 4.1311e-03, 2.5407e-02],
[ 4.5699e-01, -9.1306e-03],
[-3.1857e-02, 8.6760e-01],
[-1.1124e+00, 1.0135e+00],
[ 9.6571e-01, 6.7665e-01],
[ 1.9566e-01, 1.4953e+00],
[ 5.1033e-01, 1.1708e+00],
[ 4.2516e-01, 4.2338e-01],
[-1.7445e-01, -5.5607e-01],
[ 4.5604e-01, -4.8717e-01],
[ 2.3323e-01, -6.1054e-01],
[ 2.9433e-01, -2.7033e-01],
[ 4.0913e-02, -4.7918e-01],
[-8.6638e-01, 4.0779e-01],
[-7.5486e-01, 9.3896e-02],
[-4.3538e-01, 1.6153e+00],
[-7.5608e-01, 9.8696e-01],
[-3.9054e-01, 3.4618e-01],
[-1.5618e+00, 1.0180e+00],
[-5.0509e-01, 2.2059e-01],
[-4.2609e-01, -2.1649e-01],
[-8.8067e-01, 7.7935e-01],
[ 1.1060e+00, 8.5475e-01],
[-9.0732e-01, -3.9543e-01],
[ 6.6841e-01, 5.5472e-01],
[ 6.5143e-01, 2.9163e-01],
[ 7.0180e-01, 4.3709e-01],
[-4.1657e-01, -1.3396e-01],
[-3.2511e+00, 4.7036e-01],
[ 4.0468e-01, 3.5612e-01],
[ 2.0317e-01, -2.6708e-01],
[-1.0858e+00, 1.3460e+00],
[-5.5828e-02, 1.1675e+00],
[-2.0882e+00, 4.6721e-01],
[-1.3291e+00, 2.3242e-01],
[ 1.4471e-01, -7.5613e-01],
[-9.7174e-01, 1.1333e+00],
[-1.7255e+00, -3.9253e-01],
[-2.3291e-01, 5.5784e-02],
[-2.1205e+00, 4.3081e-01],
[-1.0572e+00, 3.8177e-01],
[-2.0132e+00, 1.2968e+00],
[-9.5386e-02, 4.4368e-01],
[ 6.1435e-02, -2.3679e-01],
[ 3.3289e-01, 1.4764e+00],
[-7.9030e-01, -2.3264e-01],
[-1.6045e+00, 8.9059e-01],
[-2.4337e+00, 9.7275e-02],
[-1.6887e-01, -6.8279e-01],
[ 2.7941e-02, -4.5080e-01],
[-2.3253e+00, 6.5567e-01],
[ 1.3410e-01, 2.2593e-01],
[ 2.8438e+00, -1.9530e+00],
[-4.3092e-01, -9.5809e-02],
[-1.0857e-01, -3.7838e-01],
[-3.0218e-01, 7.3043e-02],
[-8.6296e-02, -7.4235e-01],
[-4.5772e+00, -6.9544e-01],
[ 6.4284e-01, 6.8532e-01],
[-3.7314e-01, 1.7656e+00],
[-5.2932e-01, 9.6180e-01],
[-4.1625e-02, 1.2922e+00],
[-3.4033e+00, -7.1463e-02],
[-3.8338e+00, 2.5539e-01],
[-7.0478e-01, 7.4826e-01],
[-1.7185e+00, 6.6319e-01],
[-1.3073e+00, 5.6178e-03],
[-3.1240e-01, 7.5434e-01]])
Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 0.217 seconds)
