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Linear discriminant analysis (LDA)#
visualizes the LDA to increase the computational efficiency and reduce the degree of overfitting due to the curse of dimensionality in non-regularized models.
# Author: L.Kouadio
# Licence: BSD-3 clause
from watex.datasets import fetch_data
from watex.utils import selectfeatures
from watex.exlib.sklearn import SimpleImputer
from watex.analysis.decomposition import linear_discriminant_analysis
data= fetch_data("bagoue original").get('data=dfy1') # encoded flow
y = data.flow ; X= data.drop(columns='flow')
# select the numerical features
X =selectfeatures(X, include ='number')
# imputed the missing data
X = SimpleImputer().fit_transform(X)
linear_discriminant_analysis (X, y , view =True)
array([[-2.0554e-01, -5.8070e-01],
[-8.6472e-01, -8.2076e-01],
[ 1.4900e-02, 3.8011e-01],
[-6.4002e-01, -1.4575e-02],
[ 2.1250e-01, 8.9956e-01],
[-4.2128e-01, -5.3864e-01],
[-8.2636e-01, 8.3725e-02],
[-1.4723e+00, -1.1749e+00],
[ 1.2047e-01, 1.3592e+00],
[-3.9369e-01, 2.6945e-02],
[ 4.4461e-01, 1.5745e+00],
[ 5.6120e-01, 1.4951e+00],
[ 2.7268e-01, -7.2535e-02],
[-2.7843e+00, -2.2114e+00],
[-2.6118e+00, -2.1398e+00],
[-4.8314e-01, -1.5511e-02],
[ 7.8394e-02, -2.2645e-01],
[ 7.3454e-02, 1.4287e+00],
[-1.4783e+00, -6.6020e-01],
[ 3.6195e-01, 1.3262e+00],
[ 4.4516e-01, -6.8338e-01],
[-6.1604e-01, -1.2576e-01],
[-1.8793e+00, -1.6987e+00],
[-2.2293e-01, -3.9083e-02],
[-4.6576e-01, -7.9647e-01],
[-1.7023e-01, 5.5056e-02],
[-6.8608e-01, -3.0838e-01],
[-1.4212e+00, -1.2036e+00],
[-2.0433e-01, -2.7160e-01],
[ 3.7937e+00, -6.4197e-01],
[-2.3435e-01, 4.3337e-01],
[-9.0928e-01, -5.6209e-01],
[-1.9935e+00, -1.8067e+00],
[-1.5862e+00, -1.3357e+00],
[-4.5310e-01, -3.9156e-01],
[-5.9632e-01, -4.9753e-01],
[ 4.5943e-01, 1.6402e+00],
[-3.1292e-01, -1.8781e-01],
[-2.3258e-01, -2.4256e-02],
[-1.0217e+00, -1.3498e-01],
[-2.1879e-01, 1.2728e+00],
[ 1.3134e-01, 6.9662e-01],
[-5.5320e-01, -1.9053e-01],
[-7.6971e-01, -1.7255e-01],
[-2.2153e-01, 3.7372e-01],
[-2.3139e-01, 3.9796e-01],
[-2.2304e+00, -1.5893e+00],
[-3.8772e-01, 1.1373e-01],
[ 7.0777e-01, -6.9980e-01],
[-3.2808e-02, 2.2361e-02],
[ 1.7593e-01, 1.5587e+00],
[ 5.2982e-01, 1.3725e+00],
[-5.6189e-01, -6.4594e-01],
[-1.2892e+00, -1.0236e+00],
[ 3.9467e-01, -1.0706e+00],
[-7.8551e-02, -1.7479e-01],
[-6.6896e-02, 6.3032e-03],
[ 1.1476e-02, 1.4040e+00],
[-6.0535e-02, 9.8048e-01],
[-1.2501e+00, -6.5046e-01],
[-6.7731e-01, 9.8731e-03],
[ 3.5865e-01, 1.5619e-01],
[-2.5648e-01, 5.8686e-01],
[-5.6201e-01, -3.7455e-01],
[-8.4212e-01, 2.8255e-02],
[-1.2692e+00, -1.1299e+00],
[-8.1978e-02, 6.3399e-01],
[-1.6765e+00, -1.1865e+00],
[-1.7181e+00, -1.5893e+00],
[ 1.0267e+00, -2.3496e-01],
[-1.4346e+00, -7.9943e-01],
[-9.3360e-01, 5.2905e-02],
[-3.4239e-01, -1.7897e-01],
[-1.3442e-01, 4.6228e-01],
[ 2.6533e-02, -2.5239e-01],
[-7.3028e-01, 3.3402e-01],
[-9.7089e-01, -1.6931e-01],
[ 2.2717e+00, -6.8136e-01],
[ 3.0359e-01, 1.7949e+00],
[-1.0069e+00, -7.4274e-01],
[-4.7908e-01, 1.0112e+00],
[ 4.1064e-01, 1.3135e+00],
[ 1.5371e-01, 1.3872e+00],
[ 1.9011e+00, -7.7277e-01],
[ 2.6752e+00, -6.6845e-01],
[-7.5672e-01, 3.3345e-01],
[-3.6463e-01, -4.3564e-01],
[-1.1087e+00, 1.2070e-01],
[-1.2888e+00, -1.1972e+00],
[-9.6889e-01, -9.5726e-01],
[-6.4601e-01, -6.9621e-01],
[-4.0088e-01, -1.1578e-01],
[-9.1632e-02, 4.3031e-01],
[ 7.0149e-02, 6.3185e-01],
[-2.3881e-01, 1.6949e-01],
[-7.9174e-01, 6.4625e-02],
[-6.7881e-01, -1.8295e-01],
[-7.0443e-01, -3.9996e-01],
[-9.9061e-01, -6.9441e-01],
[-3.4670e-02, 1.1547e+00],
[-1.0969e+00, -2.5234e-01],
[-6.8108e-01, -8.2746e-01],
[-3.5228e-02, 1.6784e+00],
[-7.1941e-02, -4.9910e-01],
[-7.0972e-01, -2.6749e-01],
[-1.1434e+00, -1.1294e-01],
[-1.5051e+00, -1.2901e+00],
[ 2.1105e-01, 7.8174e-02],
[ 1.3706e+00, -2.4743e-01],
[-1.0456e+00, -8.1694e-01],
[ 1.8661e-02, -7.7657e-02],
[-1.9284e+00, -5.8548e-01],
[ 1.5366e-01, 4.5691e-01],
[-8.9554e-01, 3.0212e-02],
[ 1.6145e-01, 1.5082e+00],
[-1.4173e-02, 9.9220e-01],
[-9.3835e-01, -1.0552e-01],
[-1.1753e+00, -4.5985e-01],
[-1.2877e-01, 1.2080e+00],
[-1.2936e+00, -5.0680e-01],
[ 3.4271e-01, 2.5654e-01],
[-7.4224e-01, -1.2262e+00],
[-4.7462e-01, -2.9750e-01],
[-6.0743e-01, -1.5924e-01],
[-2.1537e+00, -1.1483e+00],
[-6.0957e-01, -9.4021e-02],
[ 1.5271e-04, 2.7434e-01],
[-7.4642e-01, -6.9684e-01],
[ 3.4939e-02, -7.7689e-01],
[ 1.3558e+00, -4.7848e-01],
[-5.0972e-01, -4.7427e-02],
[-2.0873e-01, 1.3373e+00],
[ 4.9532e-01, 1.7139e+00],
[-1.2479e+00, -4.4922e-01],
[-8.5527e-02, 3.8166e-01],
[-5.1897e-01, 2.6145e-02],
[-5.5353e-01, 1.9897e-01],
[-2.0192e+00, -1.3426e+00],
[-7.6550e-01, -3.8282e-01],
[-1.1890e+00, -3.8902e-01],
[-1.0084e+00, -5.8249e-01],
[-2.4518e+00, -1.9343e+00],
[-6.4804e-01, 7.9445e-01],
[-1.5540e+00, -6.1263e-01],
[ 7.3277e-02, 1.8310e+00],
[ 2.8901e-01, 1.7767e+00],
[-1.7682e+00, -1.2538e+00],
[-2.5945e+00, -2.1067e+00],
[-9.1331e-03, 5.6245e-01],
[ 1.5068e-01, 1.9176e+00],
[-4.8367e-01, 6.9090e-02],
[ 3.7315e-01, 1.1715e-01],
[-7.9780e-01, -5.0278e-01],
[-4.7264e-01, 6.1344e-01],
[ 5.6207e-01, 1.4194e-01],
[-2.6159e-01, 8.8150e-01],
[-2.4228e-01, 3.0635e-01],
[ 3.5732e-01, -7.4343e-02],
[-1.5955e+00, -8.4409e-01],
[-7.1809e-01, -5.3917e-01],
[-1.0772e+00, -3.1415e-01],
[-1.9870e+00, -1.6148e+00],
[-3.7498e-01, 1.1768e-02],
[ 2.9228e-01, 1.2185e-01],
[-1.8860e-01, 1.2156e-01],
[-1.8103e+00, -1.1914e+00],
[-2.3666e+00, -2.1467e+00],
[-8.7457e-01, 1.7996e-02],
[-3.1764e-01, 7.8779e-01],
[ 3.7358e-01, 1.8023e+00],
[-1.0371e+00, -7.5923e-01],
[-8.9594e-01, -5.5251e-01],
[-1.1030e+00, 8.7092e-02],
[-2.5224e+00, -1.6735e+00],
[ 1.2150e+00, 8.7324e-02],
[ 3.5801e-02, 3.5937e-02],
[-3.7464e-02, -4.4799e-01],
[-2.8670e-01, 2.2910e-01],
[-3.0469e-01, -1.1331e-01],
[-1.0722e+00, -4.6707e-01],
[ 6.0622e-01, 1.9012e+00],
[-8.7769e-01, -4.0304e-01],
[-3.8708e-01, -7.5176e-01],
[-6.6554e-01, 5.4646e-01],
[-7.3606e-02, 3.2543e-01],
[ 2.9903e+00, -4.8243e-01],
[-6.9994e-01, 9.2856e-01],
[-9.1317e-01, -7.2765e-01],
[-1.0693e+00, -5.2476e-01],
[-1.9388e+00, -1.3639e+00],
[ 3.9627e-01, 1.8274e+00],
[ 3.1559e-01, 1.8854e+00],
[ 5.8518e-02, 8.5216e-01],
[-3.5791e-01, 6.8776e-01],
[ 3.6951e-02, 1.7128e+00],
[-2.7586e-01, 3.8376e-01],
[-3.4155e-01, 1.7477e-01],
[-5.1892e-01, 4.3177e-01],
[ 3.2985e-01, 1.9494e+00],
[-2.2013e+00, -1.1887e+00],
[-1.1889e+00, -1.8557e-01],
[-4.0100e-01, -9.0757e-02],
[-6.8030e-01, -4.9902e-02],
[ 5.0666e-01, 1.8586e+00],
[-1.7487e-01, 7.9536e-01],
[-5.9473e-01, -1.3791e-01],
[ 2.8601e-01, 1.9555e+00],
[-1.2736e+00, -6.6550e-01],
[-2.5003e+00, -2.1788e+00],
[ 3.7339e-01, 1.9973e+00],
[ 7.4859e-01, -2.4467e-01],
[ 7.2092e-01, 4.4363e-01],
[-4.0277e-01, 2.5265e-01],
[ 3.5554e-01, 2.8669e-01],
[ 1.1216e+00, -4.2476e-01],
[-8.7717e-02, 1.1421e+00],
[-8.9767e-02, 2.7768e-01],
[-7.3208e-01, 1.8238e-01],
[ 4.6600e-01, 1.9055e+00],
[ 4.5857e-02, -2.2095e-01],
[-1.6416e+00, -6.9930e-01],
[-4.3442e-01, -4.3570e-01],
[ 7.8211e-01, -8.9979e-02],
[ 7.2987e-01, 1.6121e+00],
[ 8.2670e-01, 4.0681e-01],
[-4.4588e-02, 7.4576e-02],
[ 1.4515e+00, -2.0886e-01],
[-1.0911e-01, 6.1227e-01],
[ 5.7635e-01, 1.9303e+00],
[ 6.8119e-01, 1.8734e+00],
[-1.9507e-02, 1.3262e+00],
[-3.7398e-01, -9.6728e-01],
[-5.3192e-01, -7.5038e-01],
[ 4.2144e-01, -4.8466e-01],
[ 3.8564e-02, 5.1507e-01],
[-2.8407e-01, 3.9628e-01],
[-4.2514e-01, -8.0702e-02],
[ 2.4072e+00, -6.0500e-01],
[ 6.2766e-01, 1.6652e+00],
[-4.0008e-01, 1.5348e-01],
[-3.6293e-01, 2.0026e-01],
[-2.8794e-01, -1.7124e-01],
[-7.4615e-01, -1.1574e-01],
[-1.9869e-01, 7.1332e-01],
[ 4.2828e+00, -5.8917e-01],
[ 4.0713e-02, 6.7011e-01],
[ 3.1445e-01, 1.6889e-01],
[ 3.7209e-01, 1.9459e+00],
[-7.5347e-02, -1.4954e-01],
[-7.1686e-01, -7.1077e-01],
[ 1.3016e+00, -5.8848e-01],
[ 4.3856e-01, -3.3062e-02],
[-1.6717e-01, -4.3397e-01],
[ 5.1594e-01, 1.1164e+00],
[-6.9470e-01, -5.8928e-01],
[-2.8122e+00, -2.3595e+00],
[ 5.1249e-01, -4.4420e-01],
[ 4.1409e-01, 1.9340e+00],
[ 1.6721e-01, 2.1998e+00],
[-6.1333e-01, -2.2594e-01],
[ 6.7219e-01, 3.5457e-01],
[ 3.0686e+00, -4.7248e-01],
[ 1.1552e+00, -1.4971e-01],
[-1.7883e+00, -9.4303e-01],
[-1.0746e-01, 8.3693e-01],
[ 8.6604e-02, 1.4839e+00],
[ 2.0081e+00, -7.7586e-01],
[ 4.8408e-01, -3.5020e-01],
[ 9.7429e-01, 3.1004e-01],
[ 9.1715e-01, 5.0045e-02],
[-3.7750e-01, 1.2337e-02],
[-3.2192e-01, 6.3004e-01],
[-1.0095e+00, -7.5661e-01],
[ 4.2622e+00, -1.8913e+00],
[ 4.0397e-01, 1.7004e-01],
[ 3.7783e-01, 1.7146e+00],
[ 1.9543e+00, -2.4312e-01],
[ 8.0127e-01, 1.6871e+00],
[ 3.7981e-01, -6.3586e-01],
[ 5.1122e+00, -8.1905e-01],
[-7.5281e-02, 4.0104e-01],
[ 2.4394e-03, 9.6511e-01],
[-1.2412e+00, -3.6488e-01],
[ 7.6188e-01, 1.8609e+00],
[-9.8933e-01, -5.2843e-01],
[ 5.0957e-01, 2.8760e-01],
[ 6.4755e-01, 1.9854e+00],
[ 7.3106e-01, 1.9413e+00],
[ 6.9528e-01, 1.5654e-02],
[ 5.0385e-01, 2.5416e-01],
[ 2.6249e-02, 4.5244e-01],
[-2.9792e-01, -5.2944e-01],
[ 2.8882e-02, 7.4399e-01],
[ 1.5181e+00, -2.8199e-01],
[ 2.4696e+00, -7.5422e-01],
[ 3.0345e-01, 5.9803e-01],
[ 3.7255e-02, -5.6048e-01],
[-2.0401e-01, 1.6000e-01],
[ 5.1512e-01, -2.8758e-01],
[ 2.4197e-01, 3.0624e-01],
[ 5.5898e-01, 3.9280e-01],
[ 5.8471e-02, -4.1153e-01],
[ 4.3331e-01, -1.8290e-01],
[-3.0751e-01, 6.3260e-01],
[ 1.9011e+00, -6.6301e-01],
[-3.0119e-01, -9.5850e-01],
[-2.5327e-01, -5.2688e-01],
[-3.2574e-01, 3.5409e-01],
[-2.5945e-01, -1.3206e-01],
[-6.4191e-01, 3.0212e-01],
[ 4.7255e-01, 3.2804e-01],
[-1.0960e+00, -5.5688e-01],
[ 1.8595e-01, 4.8905e-01],
[ 1.3272e-01, 9.9255e-01],
[ 1.4009e-01, 5.1023e-01],
[-6.8649e-01, -2.8774e-01],
[-6.9498e-01, -4.4834e-01],
[-1.8276e-01, 5.5877e-02],
[ 1.0209e+00, 9.2611e-02],
[-8.4730e-01, -8.8634e-01],
[-2.3556e-01, -3.6041e-01],
[ 7.0006e+00, -1.3813e+00],
[ 3.7090e+00, -7.7970e-01],
[-1.0357e+00, -1.1688e+00],
[ 2.0478e+00, -5.6224e-01],
[ 7.1258e-01, -4.3155e-01],
[ 4.4067e+00, -8.0789e-01],
[-7.4177e-01, -6.8283e-02],
[ 3.2787e-01, 2.1625e-01],
[-6.5951e-01, -3.1865e-01],
[-9.9718e-01, 1.0894e-01],
[-6.0042e-01, -3.1874e-01],
[-4.6072e-01, 8.1430e-02],
[ 3.3264e-01, 2.1423e+00],
[ 3.7477e+00, -1.6877e+00],
[ 1.6088e-01, -2.6847e-01],
[-1.0562e+00, -1.3570e-01],
[ 5.1787e-01, -1.0915e-01],
[ 7.2656e-01, 4.4058e-01],
[ 1.4012e+00, -2.2012e-01],
[-2.2345e-01, 6.3331e-01],
[ 4.6799e-01, -3.7676e-01],
[ 3.3668e-01, 4.9084e-01],
[ 1.7112e-01, -1.3664e+00],
[ 4.1234e-01, -1.2283e+00],
[-3.4670e-01, -2.7721e-02],
[-2.3961e-01, -4.1410e-01],
[ 5.0594e-01, 1.8495e+00],
[ 9.2947e-01, -2.1926e-01],
[ 1.9761e-01, 3.9502e-01],
[ 1.4738e-01, -3.0474e-01],
[-1.4342e-01, 6.3841e-01],
[-4.9880e-01, -4.8399e-01],
[ 1.7662e-01, 5.7456e-01],
[ 3.1859e-01, 7.3910e-01],
[-3.3470e-01, -2.9842e-01],
[-1.4493e-01, -2.7205e-01],
[-3.5967e-03, 4.4708e-01],
[-7.0556e-01, -6.0977e-01],
[-1.3136e-03, 2.6985e-01],
[ 3.0090e+00, -7.6371e-01],
[-2.1400e-01, 6.7316e-03],
[-2.8854e-01, -1.1357e+00],
[ 1.5362e-01, 2.5579e-01],
[-3.6532e-01, -1.6403e-01],
[-1.1236e-01, -4.3770e-01],
[ 9.1755e-01, -5.6482e-01],
[-1.0238e+00, -7.5540e-01],
[-4.0037e-01, -1.2478e+00],
[-6.4979e-01, -5.2232e-01],
[-3.5581e-01, 4.4054e-01],
[ 4.5857e-01, 2.1043e+00],
[-2.1077e-01, 4.0950e-01],
[ 4.1247e-02, 6.3505e-01],
[-1.0872e-01, 2.9023e-01],
[ 1.7384e-01, 4.7470e-01],
[ 8.0116e-01, -6.2894e-01],
[ 7.7070e-01, 5.6036e-02],
[ 1.3252e-01, -9.4738e-01],
[ 5.9709e-01, -3.5297e-01],
[ 3.6767e-01, 9.6067e-02],
[ 1.3974e+00, -4.6964e-01],
[ 4.9089e-01, 1.4887e-03],
[ 5.2586e-01, 2.0918e-02],
[ 8.1028e-01, -1.0266e+00],
[-1.1580e+00, -5.5816e-01],
[ 1.0972e+00, 1.4912e+00],
[-6.2837e-01, 5.1819e-01],
[-5.0757e-01, 5.5467e-01],
[-5.5983e-01, -1.5674e-02],
[ 6.0413e-01, 1.3215e-01],
[ 3.1371e+00, -1.0929e+00],
[-3.5208e-01, -9.5219e-02],
[-2.3674e-02, 6.5552e-01],
[ 8.5924e-01, -1.2264e+00],
[-7.9458e-02, -9.2353e-01],
[ 2.1171e+00, -1.5182e-01],
[ 1.3439e+00, 6.6958e-02],
[ 9.5698e-02, 7.8203e-01],
[ 7.4852e-01, -9.0813e-01],
[ 1.8431e+00, 6.6838e-02],
[ 3.8549e-01, 8.1400e-02],
[ 2.0599e+00, -6.9939e-01],
[ 1.0459e+00, -5.9604e-01],
[ 1.8543e+00, -7.6694e-01],
[ 1.9366e-01, 5.8761e-02],
[ 5.4567e-02, 1.8875e-01],
[-5.7829e-01, -9.0611e-01],
[ 9.8615e-01, 1.6469e+00],
[ 1.3844e+00, -9.7776e-01],
[ 2.4911e+00, -5.8093e-01],
[ 4.9252e-01, 2.1559e+00],
[ 2.3874e-01, 3.4455e-01],
[ 2.1875e+00, -7.1133e-01],
[-2.9271e-05, -2.3119e-02],
[-2.1988e+00, -1.2158e+00],
[ 5.2733e-01, -7.9544e-02],
[ 4.1315e-01, 2.0691e+00],
[ 5.1740e-01, 1.8225e+00],
[ 3.4398e-01, 2.0905e+00],
[ 4.7310e+00, -6.2638e-01],
[-6.3111e-01, 1.0159e-01],
[ 8.2016e-02, -2.2162e+00],
[ 4.8627e-01, -5.7709e-02],
[-1.5431e-01, -3.9671e-01],
[ 3.4356e+00, -6.5572e-01],
[ 3.7506e+00, -1.1699e+00],
[ 7.2150e-01, -6.6280e-02],
[ 1.6964e+00, -3.5850e-01],
[ 1.4555e+00, 7.4859e-02],
[ 2.5190e-01, -1.4779e-01]])
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 0.190 seconds)
